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| The 2nd Battalion, York &
Lancaster Regiment |
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The 2nd Battalion of the York and Lancaster Regiment (York & Lancs) was
based in Khartoum in the Sudan when the Second World War broke out. They
were there almost a year on a station classed in normal times as "one-year
no-family" because of its very bad climate. The health of the
battalion was deteriorating when they were moved to Cairo in January of
1940. Their stay there was very short, as they were moved to Jenin in
northern Palestine in mid January. While in Palestine they were part of
the 14th Infantry Brigade, which moved again in late May, 1940, for the area
around Cairo. The Brigade was later broken up, some elements going to the
Western Desert, but the 2nd Battalion was destined for Alexandria, much to their
disappointment. They were still there when Italy launched its attack on Greece
in October 1940, but were now about to be moved. On the 28th October
Lieutenant-Colonel Sim, C.O. of the battalion, was told by Vice-Admiral Sir
Andrew Cunningham, commanding the British Eastern Mediterranean Fleet, that the
battalion was now on loan to the Royal Navy and would be moving to Crete as soon
as possible in the cruiser H.M.S. Ajax. On the 1st November, 1940, the
battalion sailed for Crete, arriving at Suda Bay on the 2nd November.
Their arrival was met by an attack by the Italian Air Force, Lance-Corporal
Loosemore and Private Lister were both wounded. They were the battalions
first casualties of the Second World War.
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Lieutenant-Colonel Sim had been told to dispose his forces in such a way as
to protect the anchorage at Suda Bay from attack by a raiding force.
No-one was yet talking of an aerial invasion. On the 7th November Sim's
force was strengthened when the S.S. Brisbane Star arrived with the
rest of the battalion's transport and the rear party. H.M.S. York
also brought the 2nd Battalion of the Black Watch as well as one heavy and one
light battery of anti-aircraft artillery, and one field company of
engineers. The arrival of the British troops allowed the 5th
Cretan Division to be released from Crete to the defence of mainland
Greece. On the 31st December, 1940, Lieutenant-Colonel Sim took an
appointment in Egypt and was replaced as C.O. of the Battalion by Major A.
Gilroy of the Black Watch. Little was happening on Crete, but in April of
1941 the Allied forces in Greece were forced to evacuate
the mainland, many of them heading for Crete. While this evacuation
was taking place the Battalion and the Black Watch were moved to the area around
Heraklion. Also, as a result of the evacuation from Greece the command of
forces on Crete was placed in the hands of Major-General
Freyberg, V.C. |
| Forces
available for the defence of Heraklion |
| Commander |
Brigadier B.H. Chappel
D.S.O. |
| Infantry |
2nd Battalion The York
& Lancaster Regiment |
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2nd Battalion The Black
Watch |
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1st Battalion The
Leicestershire Regiment |
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300 Australian riflemen
and 250 artillerymen armed as infantry |
| Artillery |
12 Bofors guns, two
troops of heavy anti-aircraft guns and 5 captured Italian guns |
| Armour |
2 infantry tanks and a
troop of light tanks of the 3rd Hussars |
| Greek troops |
3 infantry battalions |
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From around the middle of May the air attacks
against Heraklion built up to the point where there were four or five a day,
but the RAF had been withdrawn from the island (see
33 Squadron) on 19th May, so there was no air defence other than AA
batteries. On the 20th May the invasion
started against the area around Maleme airfield in the west.
Word filtered in to the Heraklion area of what was happening, then the air
attacks built up in intensity until they had an "Air Raid
Purple", the prearranged signal that troop carriers were coming
in. The Ju52 transports came in at around 400ft. "four abreast
in long columns which stretched out of sight" (battn
history). They were met by very heavy ground fire. The
following is directly from the battalion history.
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| Ju52 transports over
Heraklion |
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In a matter of seconds the air was full
of parachutes slowly descending to the ground. The moment
the Battalion had waited for had come. Intense small-arms
fire caused very heavy casualties among the enemy. Of those
who escaped death in the air, the majority were killed on the
ground, before they had time to get clear of their harness, by
small parties of men rushing from their slit trenches with
bayonets and bombs. The tanks and carriers also came out of
their hiding-places and massacred all those who landed in the
open. |
On the Battalion front outside the
perimeter opposite "B" Company, one large group of enemy
landed in an area occupied by some Greek troops.
"B" Company promptly attacked and spent a couple of
hours in rather confused fighting in some very enclosed
country. They killed a number of the enemy and then left the
Greeks to carry out the final mopping-up. Meanwhile, well
inside the perimeter another body of enemy had collected in a
small village. "C" Company, which was in reserve,
put in an immediate counter-attack and dealt with them well and
truly before they had time to get properly organized. Some
eighty of the enemy were killed for the loss of about five
casualties. The rest of the Battalion was not so heavily
involved but dealt with everything that fell in its area, even the
Quartermaster, Lieutenant Armstrong, taking part and for the
expenditure of one round, accounting for the only paratrooper who
had the temerity to try and invade his store. |
The enemy fared no better at the hands
of the other units of the garrison. Of about 1,000 enemy
troops who had come down inside the perimeter, over 900 of them
had been buried by noon the next day. Small parties and odd
individuals of course escaped, but these were mopped up during the
next few days. Quite a large force, however, had fallen
clear of the perimeter and parties of them were heard calling to
each other after dark; they made no attempt to attack, being
possibly too shaken by what had happened to their comrades.
Thus the day ended in complete victory for the Heraklion garrison
and the total failure of the Germans to achieve their object of
capturing the aerodrome by direct airborne attack. |
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After this attempt there were no more paratroop drops on Heraklion,
but the Germans did put a lot of effort into building up their forces
outside the Heraklion perimeter. The battalions role was now very
much of digging in and holding the defence line, while putting out patrols
as necessary, again from the battalion history; |
One of the most successful leaders of the
Battalion's patrols was Lieutenant D. McEwan. He had joined the
Battalion in March from the United Kingdom, having quite illegally avoided
being posted to the Infantry Bas Depot in Egypt, and been made
Intelligence Officer. Somewhere he had picked up an English-speaking
Greek soldier who had lost his unit. This man, whom he attached to
his Intelligence Section, proved invaluable as an interpreter. With
the local information which he gleaned from the villagers, Lieutenant
McEwan and his picked band of men were able to penetrate far into the
enemy-held country and bring back prisoners, booty and much useful data
about the whereabouts of enemy forces. Unfortunately, when leading
such a patrol three days before the evacuation, Lieutenant McEwan ran into
a machine-gun nest and was killed instantly. This officer had only
been with the Battalion a short time, but his ever-cheerfulness had made
him popular with all ranks. In the last few days he had proved
himself a born leader and a very brave officer. |
While the Germans were positioning forces around the Heraklion
garrison, but before the encirclement was completed, a company of the
Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders joined the defence, having made their
way across the island from their landing on the south coast at
Tymbaki. The Germans were continually probing against the defences
and the following is the last serious fighting in which the battalion took
part before their evacuation from the island. |
When
it was reported that the enemy on the front of "B"
Company appeared to be withdrawing, a battalion attack was
hastily organized by Lieutenant-Colonel Gilroy to accelerate their
departure. This was carried out on a two-company front with
"B" company on the right and "A" Company on
the left, whilst a company of the Leicesters under command was in
reserve. Two light tanks were also attached for the
operation. The advance was over very enclosed country,
consisting of a mass of small houses and gardens. The field
of fire was nowhere more than fifty yards. All went well for
about eight hundred yards, as the enemy fell back without offering
much resistance. Then both tanks dropped out as their
machine gun locks broke and there were no spares. Soon after
this "A" and "B" Companies were held up by
very heavy automatic fire. from this it appeared that the
enemy was now on the line he intended to hold. Every corner
and turning seemed to be covered by fire and it was almost
impossible to pick out the enemy posts in the thick and enclosed
country. The reserve company was put in to turn the left
flank, but it found it strongly held and suffered considerable
casualties. As there was a danger of the enemy infiltrating
at night and getting through the gap which the advance had left in
the perimeter, the attack was called off and all companies
withdrew to their original positions. Whilst commanding
"A" Company during the attack, Captain
Tucker was very severely wounded. |
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By now the position on the island had been lost, particularly in the
west, and General Freyberg had ordered the evacuation
of Allied forces from Crete. The 2nd Battalion would leave from
Heraklion port by sea. At 06:00 on the 28th May Brigadier Chappel,
who commanded the forces around Heraklion, issued orders for the
evacuation of Heraklion. The battalion, being nearest the harbour,
would form an inner ring around it, and would fight to cover the
embarkation of other units if the enemy followed them in. If all
went well, they would also be evacuated. No one below the rank of
officer was to be told of the evacuation before 20:00. This secrecy
extended to the hospital which had been set up in Knossos (site of the
ancient palace). The situation with the hospital was a little
unique. When the hospital fell into the area occupied by the
Germans, they allowed it to continue operating as a joint hospital with
red cross ambulances bringing in British wounded from Heraklion. Captain
Tucker was one of those left behind, and he later died of his wounds
as a prisoner of war. |
When the men were told of the impending evacuation, at 20:00, they
were astonished "as to them the whole battle of the last ten days had
seemed to have been eminently successful." D Company, under
Major J.H. Mott was the last to withdraw. The ships taking them off
eventually got away, later than planned, at 03:30 on the 29th May, and
they were badly attacked en-route Alexandria as they knew they would
be. "Of the 4,000 troops in the evacuation
from Heraklion, over one-fifth had been killed wounded or captured during
the ill-fated voyage back to Egypt." |
| One of those from the Battalion who died on the 28th May was CQMS
Frederick Arthur Crosby, aged 26. I have been contacted by his grand
daughter, Mandy Eastman, who visited Crete this year, and was at the Suda
Bay cemetery on the 28th May, exactly 60 years after he was killed.
Mandy has sent me an email with some words on her grandfather, and some
photos from Suda Bay. Rather than use my words, I have taken the
liberty of including most of her email below. |
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"As I
said earlier, we visited the Suda Bay cemetery earlier this year.
We found Fred, and were overwhelmed with the emotion of the place.
We all cried, and said a prayer, for Fred and the others. It was
so surreal, to be in such a beautiful place, knowing what a
terrible event had occurred there sixty years previously.
Neither my grandmother, Fred's wife, nor my mother,
had ever visited the grave, so we were the first family to see
him. My son, Anthony, Fred's great grandson, and I recognized that
we would not even exist if it were not for Fred.
I attach a couple of snaps we took at Suda bay, along with the
only photograph I possess of Fred himself. I believe it was taken
a few weeks before he sailed with the regiment. Like most of the
men who died, he looks so young. When we visited Suda bay, we
placed some red and white silk roses on Fred's grave, to represent
the red and white of the Yorks and Lancs Regiment. The medals were
the actual medals sent to my grandmother by the war department for
his service. He obviously never got to receive them.
Fred was born in Barton-le-Willows in Yorkshire in 1915, and spent
most of his life in the tiny village of Bossall just 9 miles
north east of York. A full blown Yorkshireman if ever there was
one. His mother is buried in St Botolphs church at Bossall, and
Fred is himself remembered in the village church, where they
have a small wooden plaque with the names of 6 military
personnel who lost their lives between 1939 and 1945.( I have a
picture if you would like it ). For a village of less than twenty
houses, this must have been a staggering blow. It makes you realize
that, as in the great war of 1914-18, every town and village in
the land sent their best sons and daughters to war. Horrible.
The island of Crete is so beautiful. The people so friendly. We
visited the little museum dedicated to the battle of Crete, and
met the owner, an amazing character who lived through the battle.
His house is in effect a shrine to the battle. He lost his parents
to the nazis, and was himself blown up by stuka divebombers and
lost an eye and some of his hearing. My husband's uncle was also
captured on the island, and subsequently spent many years in
captivity, until being freed by Yugoslav partisans later in the
war, but that's another tale.
I wrote to the York and Lancs museum, and have received written
data on the battle. You are quite correct when you say Fred was
unlucky. Another few hours and he might have escaped the island.
By all accounts though, the ships rescuing the military were
themselves subject to horrendous attack, and many more lives were
lost.
Its all very humbling really, and to think we still have military
forces at war in Afghanistan today: Have we really learned
anything from it all. I don't know. It just seems very sad to
think about it."
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